Juniper Publishers- Journal of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Case Report A 39 year old lady, weighing 59kg a known type 2 diabetic >5yrs on T.Metform in 500mg sustained release tablets OD present with c/o pain in the shoulder for at least 1 month, an inability to lie on the affected shoulder, and restricted active and passive shoulder joint movements (ROM) in at least three planes, muscle weakness for more than 3 months with on and off temporary relief on oral analgesics (self medication) with no known history of any injury. O/E pt have painful arc, with no obvious signs of inflammation around the shoulder. On blood examination her HbA1C was 9.3%, calcium was 6mg and Vit D level was 8ng/dl. Diagnosis: uncontrolled diabetes with frozen shoulder (stage 1) Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency. Aim and objective The aim of the study is 1) To treat the patient (to correct Ca2+, Vit D deficiency) 2) To evaluate the association between vit...

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Introduction Ascites is the most common of the three major complications of cirrhosis; the other complications are hepatic encephalopathy and variceal hemorrhage [ 1 ]. Approximately 50% of patients with "compensated" cirrhosis develop ascites during 10 years of observation [ 1 ]. Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis that leads to hospital admission [ 2 ]. Development of fluid retention in the setting of cirrhosis is an important landmark in the natural history of chronic liver disease: approximately 15% of patients with ascites succumb in 1 year and 44% succumb in 5 years [ 3 ]. Many patients are referred for liver transplantation after development of ascites. Refractory ascites develops in approximately 5-10% of all cases of cirrhosis- related ascites and carries a high mortality rate [ 4 ]. The available therapies for patients with refractory ascites are re...

Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences I ntroduction Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cells in our body and it is the principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues.The red blood cells are typically biconcave disks: flat and depressed in the centre, with a dumbbell-shaped cross section, and a rim on the edge with the torus shapeddisk [ 1 ]. Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature.Anaemia is the lack of red blood cells and/ or haemoglobin. This results in a reduced ability of blood to transfer oxygen to the tissues [ 2 ]. Normal, mature RBCs are biconcave, disc-shaped, a nuclear cells measuring approximately 7-8 microns in diameter on a peripheral blood smear with an internal volume (MCV) of 80-100 femto liters (fL). The term used to describe RBCs of normal size is "normocytic". Anaemia is...

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Introduction Paracelsus, the medieval physician, who is often viewed as the father of modern toxicology, was the first person to appreciate that "the dose makes the poison". This essentially means that very toxic materials can be used therapeutically at very low concentrations and conversely even safe materials can be toxic if overdosed. This in turn led to Haber's law, which basically states that, the incidence and/or severity of any toxic effect is dependent on the total exposure to the toxic agent; that is, the exposure concentration (c) rate(or dose) multiplied by the duration time (t) of exposure (i.e. cxt). This law is often utilised in setting exposure limits for toxic components. The major caveat, is that establishing acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for long-term exposures to a toxic substance when only data from short-term studies are available, does require...